Capital Mobility And The Financial Crisis - 1918 Words

Capital mobility in the Eurozone ECO209 paper assignment Lei Lin #1000672195 Introduction: As the economy becomes more and more integrated, the trade barriers between individual countries are gradually removed. People now have more options in terms of goods, services, and of course investments, meaning capital flows are more mobile nowadays. However, deregulation of the capital raises controversy and concerns about whether if increasing capital mobility is going to bring prosperity, not only to the world economy in general, but to each country individually. According to Helleiner (1994), high capital mobility is claimed to be one of the causes to the 09 financial crisis as huge capital inflow entered into the US border and changed the housing structure and then gave rise to the easy mortgage credit and housing bubbles. However, this paper intends to find the link between the capital mobility and the financial crisis in order to see if this tragic outcome is inevitable when we have a relatively high capital mobility. The paper takes the stance that increase capital mobility is going to ultimately benefit the world economy as well as bring opportunities to countries that are ready to liberate their capital flow. The article is taking the case study approach and focuses on Europe Union before, during and after the financial crisis, as EU seems to be promising to have some convincing empirical evidence. The purpose of the paper is to show advantages of having a highShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Developing Countries Adopting Capital Controls During A Recession1529 Words   |  7 PagesCapital control is defined as a type of measure governments can use to regulate and restrict the amount of money flowing from capital markets in order to keep inflation under control while maintaining a competitive real exchange rate. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been slowly shifting its beliefs to where capital control policies can be deemed useful for countries during a potential crisis. Some countries, especially the developing ones that implemented capital contro l policies have experiencedRead MoreArticle Analysis: On the Contradictions of the New International Financial Architecture: Another Procrustean Bed for Emerging Markets?1404 Words   |  6 PagesSummary: what is a main concept in the case or article? The main concept of the article is to explain why the New International Financial Architecture (NIFA) was created and who is being benefited from this approach. The discussion begins with an examination of the power structures of the global political economy by focusing on the continued dominance of the USA. The article presents the contradictory relations between USA and global finance will be explored so as to shed more critical lightRead Moreâ€Å"the Rapid Expansion of International Financial Market Since Early 1980s Have Integrated the World Economy†. Discuss.1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The rapid expansion of international financial market since early 1980s have integrated the world economy†. Discuss. The international financial system is a structure of markets within which organizations and individuals trade to support economic commitments made across national borders where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of assets such as equities, bonds, currencies and derivatives. Financial markets are typically defined by having transparent pricing, basic regulations on tradingRead Moreâ€Å"the Rapid Expansion of International Financial Market Since Early 1980s Have Integrated the World Economy†. Discuss.1252 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The rapid expansion of international financial market since early 1980s have integrated the world economy†. Discuss. The international financial system is a structure of markets within which organizations and individuals trade to support economic commitments made across national borders where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of assets such as equities, bonds, currencies and derivatives. 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A common question that rises when discussing this matter is, does capital mobility benefit developing countries? As with most other subjects the answers tend to vary. In this paper I will shine light on the point of view of two respectable economists concerning the positive and negative affects associated with capital mobility. AlsoRead More International Capital Mobility Essay examples2849 Words   |  12 PagesInternational Capital Mobility â€Å"Globalization is todays reality. Like it or not, the move to a world economy is a fact of life. At some point in the 1990s the process achieved critical mass and people started to sit up and take notice. Many were apprehensive. Today, almost all of us are aware that our lives are being shaped by an interconnected world economy of cross-border flows of trade, finance and technology. In our hearts, we know that there is no going back.† -MariaRead MoreBanking, Money and Finance, Article Analysis Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pages The article is discussing of bank deposits and loans in the monetary transmission mechanism. It would lead the financial system to achieve monetary stability and creation of sound financial structure. The monetary policy implemented by bank can influence the real economy through monetary transmission mechanism such as money channel and credit channel. For example, in the short run, bank may sell off their securitiesRead MoreRussian Federation and United Kingdom: Comparison of Economy1660 Words   |  7 PagesEngland to Russia and UK were described in the third part of the report. Secondary online sources and macroeconomic books were used. SMALL AND LARGE OPEN ECONOMIES IN THE LONG RUN If an economy can interact freely, by selling capital assets and goods and services in world financial and product markets, with other countries in the world, it is considered to be an open economy. In open economy net export or trade balance (NX=EX-IM) should not be equal to the output (Y) of goods and services: NX=Y- (C+I+G)Read MoreThe Financial Crisis Of Greece And Portugal1624 Words   |  7 PagesBrothers collapsed at the height of the financial crisis. Investors all over the world were shocked and creditors were equally horrified. Greece, the founder of true democracy, the originator of the olympics and the birthplace of geometry - was now $430 billion in debt. Never before had a country such as Greece imploded with such velocity and magnitude - that its government bond contracts were now considered toxic. It was an exact replay of the financial crisis, except that the insolvent borrower was

TTTC Essay Free Essays

Vietnam in the form of stories that change the reader’s outlook on a variety of topics. One Of O’Brien chapters, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story† truly exemplifies his role as a storyteller in the unique way he retells each of his stories. O’Brien alters his style with each recount to emphasize the different ways a story can affect a reader. We will write a custom essay sample on TTTC Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through his specific style of storytelling, O’Brien is able to describe his different experiences of Vietnam while explaining his perspective of the human situation. O’Brien alternation between narrating a story and commenting on its exceptive effects explicitly expresses his role as a storyteller in this chapter. In doing this, he is also able to point out the influence it had on his view of human disposition and the true nature of war. He explains the traits of a true war story while giving examples of his own. His strategy of retelling a war story with multiple different approaches emphasizes the power of his storyteller position. He claims that ‘A true war story is never to depict his recount of the incident in a specific way, thus characterizing one of his many experiences . Just like most soldiers after war find a way to cope with their sufferings, O Brine relays his own experiences by stating that â€Å"In any war story, but especially a true one, it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen†(63). This chapter is unique in the sense that it takes the minutiae of a certain war memory, twists it to invoke certain emotions, and stimulates a reaction in the reader. Throughout the chapter he illustrates how incredibly the meaning and the effect of a story can change with the smallest adjustment to details . The different ways that O’Brien tells a story help us realize the power of his practice. O’Brien analyses of true war stories, followed by his real life account strike the reader in the heart and change their view of the war as a whole. Brine’s storytelling is a powerful medium through which he expresses his thoughts on the war. Aside from relaying the incidents during the war, O’Brien also aims to point out his observations Of human nature relating to war. Whether we realize it or not, war has a large influence in all of our lives – O’Brien aims to bring out hose realizations through his storytelling. During this chapter O’Brien repeatedly shares the many characteristics of a true war story. He describes many different traits such as: a true war story â€Å"never seems to or â€Å"a true war story cannot be believed â€Å"(64). Then O’Brien gives an example of how that certain trait rings true in a story of his own. The effect produced is eye opening and causes the reader to adapt the same mindset that O’Brien takes towards his revelations. With his continued explanations of why war stories are so complex, O’Brien moves into the realm of legacies. His vivid description of Curt Lemon’s Death is a poignant reminder of the gruesome and tragic, yet sudden end to a great man’s life. Even though Lemon perished in the snap of a finger, O’Brien urges us to realize that his creative style of storytelling keeps Curt Lemon alive. Just like Ted Lavender and Kiowa, Curt Lemon left behind a legacy that lived among the memories of the soldiers. This is how O’Brien is able to keep him alive along with all of the others who he does not want to let go of. This novel can be viewed as simply a novel that describes a war experience room the point of a soldier; however, the way it’s portrayed makes it much more. Not only does O’Brien express what it was like to be in the Vietnam war, but also he gives us a deep analysis of our race in relation to common struggles among us. Often when a soldier has a hard time coping with their return, it is because he or she does not feel like they belong. It’s as if no one believes what they say is true because of how terrible it sounds. O’Brien explains that if â€Å"somebody tells a story, let’s say, and afterward you ask, ‘Is is true? ‘ [then] if the answer matters, you’ve got your There are any people who are ignorant to the lengths that soldiers go to for protecting this country, and when those people fail to appreciate those actions, it is heartbreaking. When O’Brien says that â€Å"if the answer matters, you’ve got your answer he is emphasizing the point that all war stories can be true even if they never actually happened. The experience Of war as a whole is so unbelievable that any story is true in some sense if it helps the reader understand what the narrator went through. His depiction of war is gruesome to say the least, but it explains to us how war impacts a man. He also expresses the importance off legacy like those of Curt lemon’s, Kiosk’s, and Ted Lavender’s. O’Brien has the potential to be scarred for life from these death incidents; however, he uses the power of his stories as a coping mechanism, and in turn is able to keep the souls of his comrades alive. He does this with Timmy preserve his innocence, and in the same way, he does this to his friends to aid the hurt the war has caused him. All in all, O’Brien strategy of storytelling achieves the multiple goals intended: to portray his tragic war experiences, to explain the human notation in relation to the war, and to portray the strength of a legacy preserved in a Story. How to cite TTTC Essay, Essays

Societies and Identities Exam Review free essay sample

What is the basic argument of the Malthusians? What kinds of evidence fail to support their argument? The Malthusian perspective is that as the population increased so did the demand for resources such as food and with that came the prices of items going up since it was in such great demand and Malthus also said that there was no way that disaster could occur. What he failed to see was that as population increased the agricultural techniques would result in constant increasing food production, but that was the case. Why isn’t it straightforward to identify the Earth’s â€Å"carrying capacity†? The reason why it is hard to identify Earth’s carrying capacity is because our capacity for culture and symbolic thought enables us to constantly change and alter our diets and the way we exploit the environment for food. What, according to Robbins, is the ideology of Malthusian concerns? The ideology of Malthusian concerns is question why the poor existed and what their purpose was, and that poverty existed due to over population because people did not want to change their ways. What is â€Å"demographic transition theory,† and what, according to Robbins, do its theorists regard as an answer to high population growth in poor countries? What, according to Robbins, is wrong about demographic transition theory? The demographic transition theory is that the world population growth increased only very slowly from human beginnings to around 1750, and this was maintained due to high death rates. And in poor countries people fail to use birth control methods in order to control the population growth. How and why did the economic expansion of the world capitalist economy changed reproductive behaviors? It is determined by a number of factors which include the period of fertility and the cultural and society. What is â€Å"wealth flows theory†? How does it explain why the demand for children in poor countries remains high, and the circumstances under which such demand declines? The wealth flows theory says that there are only two decisions that can be made by families and they are to have no economic gain to restricting fertility or to have economic gain. This means that a family see children as assets and they would either make a family money or make them suffer economically. What problems might emerge or increase in poor countries if they become more oriented to the nuclear family structure? Chapter Six, â€Å"Hunger, Poverty, and Economic Development† Is world hunger the result of insufficient food production? Is famine the most common reason for hunger? Is famine caused by food insufficiency? Is hunger caused by overpopulation? There is enough food in the world to feed the population on a vegetarian diet but not in poor countries there is enough food for everyone, famine is not the most common reason for hunger daily efficiency. Famine isn’t cause by food insufficiency but by the lack of work and the fact that people had no money or land, and it is not caused by overpopulation people don’t have the resources that they need. Why is it possible to be malnourished or to starve in the world today? From massive unemployment and high food prices. Historically, why have people left the land on which they produced their own food to seek wage employment, which requires that they buy food from others? People have left the land,,,due to the emergence of cities. This shift was due to the cities and the higher standards of living that was being provided. Why, perhaps, did humans shift from gathering and hunting to domesticating plants and animals? Suggested increase in population density may have required people to forage over larger areas in search of food, but by having domesticating animals and plants was very Neolithic. What is the advantage of plow and irrigation agriculture? In what parts of the world did irrigation agriculture begin? What are the costs of irrigation agriculture? Where did plow agriculture begin? What is swidden agriculture? What are its advantages? Bangladesh or Mesopotamia. Swidden a plot of land is cleared by cutting down the vegetation spreading it over the area. To use for planting and then burned. Seeds are planted and the plants are cultivated and then harvested. What was the most important change in food production inspired by the transformation of food into a capitalist commodity? What are the changes advantages and disadvantages? Why is high agricultural productivity essential for the growth of cities, manufacturing, and services? Finally the role of food as a capitalist commodity resulted in the increase intervention of the state of the food production What is the â€Å"neocaloric revolution,† and what are its problems? What is the â€Å"green revolution,† and what are its problems? What is the â€Å"green revolution II,† and what are its problems? A system that is technologically intensive and substitutes nohuman energy for human energy. The intensification f the use of technology in agriculture is largely the result of what has been called the green revolution. The Green revolution soon ran into some problems. In the capitalist economy, what determines the production of food, including what kinds of food are produced? Under what circumstances is food production discouraged? For example food production is not determined necessarily by the global need for food-that is, how many people have the means to pay for it. From Amartya Sen’s perspective, hunger is a failure of what, and is based on what conditions? Hunger can be seen as a failure of entitlements, and is based on the socially defined rights to food sources. Was there insufficient food during the Irish potato famine of 1846-47? What were the causes of Malawi’s famine in 1949? What is the lesson of these famines? No it was sent to those who could afford to pay for it, and in Malawi the case was that entitlements were used but the famine was started by a drought. Why is more attention given to famine than to endemic hunger? What have been the causes of endemic hunger in Brazil? Famine is more viewed because it doesn’t give the government a bad reputation like endemic hunger does. Also, endemic hunger makes the government look like they don’t care for their people enough. Brazil suffered endemic hunger because the government tried to change economically but they couldn’t keep up with the payments to the World Bank. In what ways is â€Å"health a political symbol subject to manipulation†? What are the consequences for the poor? The government can turn starvation into a medical issue, and instead of needing food they provide the people with medication. Why, according to Robbins, is â€Å"economic development† not a solution to poverty and hunger? What are the three features of economic development that lead it to cause, rather than solve, problems? How does James Scott describe these features and their consequences? Why is foreign aid not a solution to poverty and hunger? What are the good and not so good features of the Grameen Bank’s â€Å"microcredit† approach to reducing hunger and poverty? How are hunger and poverty based on the relations between consumer, laborer, capitalist, and nation-state? Hunger is not caused by a lack of food only by the lack of the ability to buy the food. Chapter 7, â€Å"Environment and Consumption† What countries have the highest per capita rates of energy usage and carbon emissions? The US and Canada How many hectares of land are required to maintain the consumption level of the average person in a high-consumption country? How do such countries make up for deficits in such land? At least 15 acres, and the deficit is made up through trade. How is the history of sugar tied to the emergence and growth of the capitalist world economy? How has it involved relations between consumer, laborer, capitalist, and nation-state? How did the diet of the English working class change in the 1800s? When it comes to â€Å"the case of sugar† there is a long historical past of xploitation as well as the interaction with the laborers, consumers and the economy its self. Sugar sold as a product that held health benefits to those who could afford to buy it and use it. During A. D 1000 Sugar was seen as a luxury and used as a spice and medicine. Since sugar was a commodity it soon was in great demand especially in the 18th and 19th centuries and the West Indies saw a great incr ease in their revenues, but since it was in great demand they needed to make more of it so that meant clearing out of forests and more man power which meant more slaves to do the dirty work. It was also sugar itself that helped many countries such as Spain and Portugal become big in the trading market because they had so much of what people needed but they needed workers and they would get these slaves from Africa to work on their plantations in the Canary Islands and Madeira. Sugar is basically a great example of how a nation-state who mediated the interaction between the capitalist the laborer and the consumer produces a long lasting global problem. Today during the modern times sugar is still greatly consumed and sold due to the â€Å"language† that is used by the marketers when it comes to advertising fast food to the public. Items with sugar are also more available to the lower classes because it is so cheap and the healthy food is more expensive. Sugar can be seen as the everyday fix that most Americans need, while at the same time generating vast amounts of wealth to those who sell their products. What are â€Å"drug foods,† and what have been their role since the industrial revolution? What is the impact of raising cattle for beef on the environment? How efficient is beef as a food source? How good is beef for our health? What has been the role of meat in the diet of most societies historically? Half of the water that we used is to feed cattle and grow grains. Issues include the amount of manure that the cattle leave behind as well as the methane gases that they release, as well as the slaughter transportation and the cooking of the beef itself. What was the role of cattle-beef production in the Irish Potato Famine? How did cattle-beef production affect Argentina and the U. S.? Regarding the U. S. how did cattle-beef production affect the Great Plains and American Indians? How has it influenced corn farming, and what are the consequences? How has cattle-beef production—past and present—involved relations between consumer, laborer, capitalist, and nation-state? What has been the impact of the modern â€Å"hamburger economy† on poor countries such as Costa Rica? During the famine the amount of cattle that was a vailable had increased greatly DUE TO THE FACT THAT most of the grains were being exported to other countries that could afford to pay for them, so they increased their profits. What is the difference between the â€Å"factory model† and the â€Å"agro-ecology model† of agricultural production? How have rich countries exported pollution? Chapter 8, â€Å"Disease† What have arguably been â€Å"signature† diseases of various periods of world history? What do signature diseases reveal about particular times and places in history? How do such revelations pertain to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? AIDS is a perfect example because it has become the signature disease for the culture of capitalism *smallpox **malaria **TB *polio **cholera Increases in population density and also the ways in which people took over the habitats of other animals when settling down. What four things are necessary for a pathogen to kill us? How do the four things pertain to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? *We must come into contact with the pathogen/vector *the pathogen must be virulent *if we come into contact with a deadly pathogen it must be able to evade our body’s immune system *the pathogen must be able to circumvent whatever measures our society has developed to prevent it from doing harm. Because human behavior is largely dictated by culture, these cultural patterns paly a major role in creating or inhibiting opportunities for pathogens to spread. How did the shift from gathering/hunting to early agriculture change the relationship between microbes and humans? How has the history of urbanization change this relationship? How have these shifts pertained to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? These animals were carrying the ticks on them and most likely came into contact with the hunters and came into the households since they were placed in the animal’s habitat. The best argument is that the kinds of lives that we lead as well as the cultures and patterns of social relations that we contact maintain and reproduce. We can make the comparison of the hunter and gatherers as well as the more sedentary communities that came after them. It was said that it was easier to care for the sick if a small population was sedentary rather than mo ving around so much, and that small scattered populations had less of a chance of encountering disease as did those that lived in large dense populated areas. So the living standards and how people took care of the environment and the way in which they interacted with it was a great component. Being a sedentary population had its advantages because you had fewer pathogens to deal with, but at the same time it became more favorable conditions for them and once they began to domesticate animals gave them additional pathogens that they had to deal with. How have the environmental diseases of the past fifty years or so influenced the spread of disease? How has this influenced pertained to relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? How has the emergence and spread of AIDS reflected contemporary relations between laborer, capitalist, consumer, and nation-state? Hierarchical diffusion , the disease jumps from one living hub to another. When it comes to disease what needs to be noted is the fact that the relationship between human behavior and their culture greatly affects how we come into contact and deal with certain diseases. AIDS is a perfect example because it has become the signature disease for the culture of capitalism, and it is mostly predominant in poor countries and Africa. Africa alone is said to house 5% of the world’s population in AIDS. Another example can be Lyme disease, Lyme disease came about when people had decided that they would cut own the forests and this allowed for a great population of deer and mice to increase since their predators were eradicated. These animals were carrying the ticks on them and most likely came into contact with the hunters and came into the households since they were placed in the animal’s habitat. The best argument is that the kinds of lives that we lead as well as the cultures and patterns of social relations that we contact maintain and reproduce. We can make the comparison of the hunter and gatherers as well as the more sedentary communities that came after them. It was said that it was easier to care for the sick if a small population was sedentary rather than moving around so much, and that small scattered populations had less of a chance of encountering disease as did those that lived in large dense populated areas. So the living standards and how people took care of the environment and the way in which they interacted with it was a great component. Being a sedentary population had its advantages because you had fewer pathogens to deal with, but at the same time it became more favorable conditions for them and once they began to domesticate animals gave them additional pathogens that they had to deal with. Chapter 9, â€Å"Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Conflict† Why have indigenous cultures commonly been destroyed in the history of the nationstate and world capitalism? These cultures have been destroyed because the nation state wants to provide them with more standard methods of living and when they are destroyed it is because one ethnic group enjoys an economic advantage over the other, and because their way of life differs greatly from that of the culture of capitalism. What are the common characteristics of indigenous cultures? *they frequently move around and that makes them difficult to control, *they have ownership of land and resources that the state needs/wants, *as well as the kinship based culture social structure that they have, *plus most small scaled indigenous groups tend to be egalitarian (equal). What processes are involved in â€Å"ethnocide†? the establishment of a frontier situation and advancing through military intervention *the extension of government control *the global destruction of indigenous culture through land takeovers, cultural modification, economic development Why are capitalism and democracy â€Å"a volatile combination† when there is a marketdominant minority? Where there is a market dominant minority capitalism AND DEMOCRACY are a volatile combination. Genocide can be seen as an externality of the market because of the way that it target one group when the once stable economy in a country seems to go wrong. Most people seem to think that genocide arises solely based on ethnic issues when really economics is the leading reason as to why genocide occurs, when really he factors that need to be considered are the incompatibility between democracies, the markets, and a group’s reaction to sudden economic deprivation brought about by radical market reforms. Why is the case of Rwandan genocide â€Å"hardly a simple matter of tribal warfare or ancient hatreds? † Another example can be Rwanda where the colonial history as well as the global economic integration combined to produce genocide. Basically, genocide is when a group needs a scapegoat to put all of their problems. When the Tutsi were given the power they used it to take land from the hutu and the hutus were basically left to serve the tutsi.

The Impact of Eliminating Standardized Test Requirements

â€Å"What did you get on the SAT?† Five years ago, the answer to that question may have been the deciding factor for getting into college. However, with the ACT’s rise in popularity and the SAT’s new changes, that no longer seems to be the case. Just last week, Columbia University announced that they will be dropping the SAT subject test requirement, as well as the writing portions of the SAT and ACT. Though this testing policy is pretty common across most U.S. universities, Columbia is the first Ivy League to forego considering SAT subject tests as part of its admissions evaluation and the second after the University of Pennsylvania to not the writing section. It seems the Ivy League may finally be reducing their rigorous test requirements, leaving only Cornell, Harvard and Brown who still require the SAT/ACT, including the writing section, along with SAT subject tests. You may be surprised to find that only 13 schools in the U.S. actually require any SAT subject tests. If that’s the case, why are people so concerned with Columbia’s new policy? We asked Joanna Graham, the Director of Academics at Veritas Prep, who has 15 years of experience in standardized testing and test preparation to weigh in. â€Å"While the decision to drop SAT subject test requirements isn’t a new one (the University of California system dropped them in 2011), the prominence attached to the decision coming from Columbia might turn a few heads. SAT subject tests have long had a mixed reputation,† said Graham, â€Å"While many students love them as an opportunity to showcase subject matter expertise in a specific academic area, they’ve also been criticized as a test for the wealthy and privileged.† The debate of whether the admissions process favors students with more privileged backgrounds is forever ongoing, and the SAT has been caught in the center of it. To this point, Graham added, â€Å"By eliminating the requirement, it levels the playing field for students coming from low-income areas and schools that don’t offer honor courses (that would be commensurate with the content on these tests).† Chris Lele, Magoosh’s SAT Curriculum Manager, who has also worked for 10 years in standardized test coaching, is a little bit skeptical about this change, especially when it comes to dropping the writing portion of the SAT. â€Å"I think its tempting to want to view Columbias recent decision as the first step in phasing out the SAT in the Ivies. I wouldnt jump to this conclusion, however. For one thing, the SAT essay, at least the previous essay, was one marred in controversy,† said Lele, â€Å"Im not sure exactly what affected Columbias decision, but Im not sure how much of it actually had to do with the content of the new essay.† This testing policy change will take effect and affect Fall 2016 applicants. How can you account for this change if Columbia is on your college list? Will it impact your chances as an applicant? The immediate reaction from students has been positive, as there’s now one fewer test to take and more money is saved as a result. Columbia dropped the SAT subject test and writing requirement for admissions Yasssss push thru for inclusion Corrine (@Corrinecee) June 9, 2016 ...because test scores do not define you! https://t.co/F3IRNb4p63 Barsa (@missbarsa) June 11, 2016 The most important impact this change will have may not be obvious to you. Graham elaborates, â€Å"University admissions committees have fewer data points upon which to evaluate you which means every other aspect of your application just became that much more important.† She continues, â€Å"In short, maintain your status quo and put together your best application package possible. And if you’ve already taken SAT subject tests and scored well, don’t be afraid to offer an extra data point to distinguish yourself.† Choosing where to go to college is an incredibly important decision. Make an informed choice by talking to current students on ourmentorship platform. Access 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students (they get paid when you view them). is a community of students helping students. Our goal is to bring much-needed transparency to higher education.

The Vaginal Spermicide Essays

The Vaginal Spermicide Essays The Vaginal Spermicide Paper The Vaginal Spermicide Paper The Vaginal Spermicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A vaginal spermicide is a sperm killing chemical sold over-the-counter in the form of cream, jelly, foam film, vaginal supposition or tablet. Each product and form is different so the user has to read package instructions carefully to ensure proper use and maximum effectiveness of the product. The spermicide is applied before sexual intercourse and allowed to remain in the vagina for the next 6-8 hours without douching or rinsing to ensure that all sperms are killed. The vaginal spermicide is said to have a failure rate of approximately 21% per year. It is, therefore, less effective compared to other artificial forms of contraceptive like the condom or pill although this contraceptive method is usually used along with another method, and thus serves as additional instead of the primary precautionary measure. It does not protect the couple from sexually-transmitted infection as it allows for the exchange of fluids during intercourse except that the chemical component of the spermicide kills the sperm cells. There are also reports of itchiness from some users. Aside from this, another drawback for this method is the trouble it incurs upon the woman because she could not wash her vagina hours after intercourse. It cannot be used, therefore, for unplanned sex in the middle of the day or work. It is also not permanent and is effective for one period of sexual intercourse only.

Mary Cassatt Biography - Painting History

Mary Cassatt Biography - Painting History Born on May 22, 1844, Mary Cassatt was one of the very few women who were part of the French Impressionist movement in art, and the only American during the movements productive years; she often painted women in ordinary tasks. Her help to Americans collecting Impressionist art helped bring that movement to America. Biography of Mary Cassatt Mary Cassatt was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, in 1845. Mary Cassatts family lived in France from 1851 to 1853 and in Germany from 1853 to 1855. When Mary Cassatts oldest brother, Robbie, died, the family returned to Philadelphia. She studied art at the Pennsylvania Academy in Philadelphia in 1861 to 1865, which was among the few such schools open to female students. In 1866 Mary Cassatt began European travels, finally living in Paris, France. In France, she took art lessons and spent her time studying and copying the paintings at the Louvre. In 1870, Mary Cassatt returned to the United States and her parents home. Her painting suffered from a lack of support from her father. Her paintings in a Chicago gallery were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Fortunately, in 1872 she received a commission from the archbishop in Parma to copy some Correggio works, which revived her flagging career. She went to Parma for the job, then after study in Antwerp Cassatt returned to France. Mary Cassatt joined the Paris Salon, exhibiting with the group in 1872, 1873, and 1874. She met and began studying with Edgar Degas, with whom she had a close friendship; they apparently did not become lovers. In 1877 Mary Cassatt joined the French Impressionist group and in 1879 began exhibiting with them at the invitation of Degas. Her paintings sold successfully. She herself began collecting the paintings of other French Impressionists, and she helped several friends from America acquire French Impressionist art for their collections. Among those she convinced to collect Impressionists was her brother, Alexander. Mary Cassatts parents and sister joined her in Paris in 1877; Mary had to do the housework when her mother and sister fell ill, and the volume of her painting suffered until her sisters death in 1882 and her mothers recovery soon after. Mary Cassatts most successful work was during the 1880s and 1890s. She moved from impressionism to her own style, significantly influenced by Japanese prints that she saw at an exhibition in 1890. Degas, upon seeings some of Mary Cassatts later work, was said to have stated, I am not willing to admit that a woman can draw that well. Her work was frequently characterized by depictions of women in ordinary tasks, and especially with children. Though she never married or had children of her own, she enjoyed visits from her American nieces and nephews. In 1893, Mary Cassatt submitted a mural design for display at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exhibition in Chicago. The mural was taken down and lost at the end of the fair. She continued to care for her ill mother until her mothers death in 1895. After the 1890s, she did not keep up with some of the newer, more popular trends, and her popularity waned. She put more of her efforts into advising American collectors, including her brothers. Her brother Gardner died suddenly after Mary Cassatt returned with him and his family from 1910 trip to Egypt. Her diabetes began to create more serious health problems. Mary Cassatt supported the womens suffrage movement, both morally and financially. By 1912, Mary Cassatt had become partially blind. She gave up painting entirely in 1915, and had become totally blind by her death on June 14, 1926, in Mesnil-Beaufresne, France. Mary Cassatt was close to several female painters including Berthe Morisot.  In 1904, the French government awarded Mary Cassatt the Legion of Honor. Background, Family Father: Robert Simpson Cassatt (banker)Mother: Katherine Johnston CassattSiblings: fiveAlexander was president of the  Pennsyvlania  Railroad Education Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, 1861 - 1865Studied under Chaplin in Paris (1866) and Carlo Raimondi in Parma (1872) Bibliography: Judith A. Barter, editor. Mary Cassatt, Modern Woman. 1998.Philip Brooks. Mary Cassatt: An American in Paris. 1995.Julia M. H. Carson. Mary Cassatt. 1966.Cassatt and Her Circle: Selected Letters, New York. 1984.Nancy Mowll Mathews. Mary Cassatt: A Life. 1994.Nancy Mowll Mathews. Cassatt: A Retrospective. 1996.Griselda Pollock. Mary Cassatt: Painter of Modern Women. 1998Frederick A. Sweet. Miss Mary Cassatt, Impressionist from Pennsylvania. 1966.Forbes Watson. Mary Cassatt. 1932.Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman. (Essays.) 1998.

How did the Nazi Party begin to change the culture of Germany Essay

How did the Nazi Party begin to change the culture of Germany - Essay Example 1999, p. 278). Another technique that Hitler and his Nazi colleagues used was a program of speeches and gatherings. Hitler notes in his introduction to â€Å"Mein Kampf: â€Å"I know that fewer people are won over by the written word than by the spoken word and that every great movement on this earth owes its growth to great speakers and not to great writers.† (Hitler, 1924). This created loyalty to him, and from there he began to foster a culture of blame. The Nazis introduced into German society a hatred of Jewish people, many of whom were loyal to the German state and proud to combine their nationality with their religion. In a diary recoding all the insults that happened to her on an increasing basis, Dr Herta Nathorff quotes a Roman Catholic nun who said to her â€Å"Frau Doktor, we needn’t fear hell any more. The devil is already abroad in the world.† (Perry et al., 2000, p. 169) Shops and businesses were boycotted, and there was a violent disturbance on t he occasion now remembered as â€Å"Kristallnacht† (Night of the Broken Glass) on November 10th 1938 in which thousands of Jewish windows were smashed to demonstrate the hatred that the Nazis had for Jewish traders.

To what extent, and in what respects, does Relevance Theory resolve Essay

To what extent, and in what respects, does Relevance Theory resolve problems surrounding the distinction between explicit and implicit communication - Essay Example Relevance theory poses the questions that surround interpretation of information and gives distinction of explicit and implicit communication In a discussion of Relevance Theory, one must first identify the difference between implicit and explicit communications. Explicit communication can be defined by the study of the obvious. In looking at language based on the way in which information is conveyed, the rules of the language and what signs and symbols comprise the language becomes the basis of the explicit communication. The basic rules on which those signs and symbols are interpreted is also part of explicit communication. Implicit The second issue that should be addressed are the foundational approaches on pragmatism proposed and generally accepted by Paul Grice. â€Å"The first is that sentence meaning is a vehicle for conveying a speaker’s meaning, and that a speaker’s meaning is an overtly expressed intention which is fulfilled by being recognized.† Wilson and Sperber define this by saying that â€Å"On the inferential view, utterances are not signals but pieces of evidence about the speakers meaning, and comprehension is achieved by inferring this meaning from evidence provided not only by the utterance but also by the context.† [1]. In this proposal, language is only a piece of the communication process. Language is a source of minimal expression that is the core of much larger interpretations. The second foundational argument made by Grice is that â€Å"in inferring the speaker’s meaning, the hearer is guided by the expectation that utterances should meet some specific standards† [2]. Wilson & Sperber say that â€Å"conversation is a rational, cooperative activity. In formulating their utterances, speakers are expected to follow a Cooperative Principle, backed by maxims of Quantity (informativeness), Quality (truthfulness),

Using named examples Essay Example for Free

Using named examples Essay Using named examples, evaluate the economic and political impacts of disruption to energy supply pathways. (15) An energy pathway is the route or journey energy takes from the source country to the consuming country. It is often seen that economic and political impacts disrupt energy supply pathways. To begin with, some countries in the Middle East are quite often recognised as to having political problems such as dictatorships which leads to the formation of unstable regimes. The relationship between the Middle East and western powers like the USA are often quite severed, This proves to be fatal as such countries are reliant upon energy reserves in the Middle East. Hence matters are quite often stretched further when key players such as OPEC represent countries like Saudia Arabia and Iran in the Middle East, as well as determine oil prices. This may place stress upon the USA who suffers from energy insecurity due to its energy deficit and due to its reliance and need for oil may have to face as well as conform to rises in oil prices. As, it is now believed that the control over energy prices is in the hands of the suppliers due to the combination of a lack of energy reserves for finite resources and huge global demand for natural resources. Additionally unsettled geopolitical relationships between countries can lead to severed political relationships as well as huge economic losses. In 1991, 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by Iraqi troops after the first Gulf War. The fires burned for 8 months. Not only did this impact upon the oil production of the country, but caused great economic losses in the economy, as services were also required to put the fire out. Russia an energy surplus is said to be tactical with whom it supplies its natural resources to. The political conflict between Russia and Ukraine during 2006- 2008 saw Russia demanding four times as much the price for its resources, but the failure to do so left Ukrainian gas cut off. Here we are shown an example of how political power can affect the economy. The Arctic is now seen to be a resourceful land, bringing hope for the future and many nations. With 25% of the worlds unexploited oil reserves matching the reserves of Saudi Arabia, it also is the home to many minerals, coal, gas and diamonds. It has transformed from a once barren land, to a land of riches. Meaning competition for territorial demands is seen and acted upon. The world would benefit from commercial wealth, as companies such as Shell if they were permitted to drill out oil in the now sacred land reaping with economic wealth. However, countries outside the Arctic circle like China are showing a greater interest and desire to demand their share of the Arctic. Here we see the growth of both economic and political power lobbying members of the Arctic circle such as Greenland and Denmark to obtain a Permanent Observer Status in the Arctic council. Whilst within the Arctic circle two dominant characters have conflicting views for their own benefit- Russia and the USA, causing tension to rise concerning the future of the Arctic.

Family Issues in the Play Death of a Salesman Essay -- success, life, p

The play, Death of a Salesman, is a tragic drama about an aging salesman who tries to do all he can to support his family and make them lead successful lives. The struggling salesman, Willy Loman has two sons, Biff and Happy, whom he tries to drive towards success. Willy believes that being well liked and making a good and lasting impression are the keys to success and tries to teach this philosophy to his two sons. Biff, being the favorite son of Willy, has worked as a manual laborer and Willy believes that Biff can do so much more with his life. While Biff is happy, he does not meet Willy’s criteria for success. Biff is unable to fulfill Willy’s dream because Willy’s idea of success is not a life Biff wants to pursue. Biff Loman, a highly successful high school football player, was supposedly meant for great things after high school. However, Biff failed to graduate from high school due to failing a mathematics class, and also did not complete the class during summer school, because of the discussion he had with his father. The discussion was one that was eye-opening, as Biff learned that his father was unfaithful to his mother, â€Å"You—you gave her Mama’s stockings†¦don’t touch me, you—liar...You fake! You phony little fake! You fake!â€Å" (95). This is the moment in the play where Biff lost all respect for his father. Due to not graduating, he lost his athletic scholarship to the University of Virginia. Since then, Biff has been working blue-collar jobs in the west while not making over thirty-five dollars a week. He is happy there but realizes that there is not much future in that line of work and ends up returning home without a job. Willy cannot understand how everything could have gone so wrong for Biff. Willy has always been und... ...him† (111). This play has a story that I feel like many people can relate to. In my case, my dad would prefer if I followed his footsteps into medicine, but he says to do what I enjoy. While I certainly wouldn’t rule that field out, it is nice to know that if I want to do something different, I have my family’s support. In conclusion, Biff will not follow in Willy’s footsteps due to the fact that he has no motivation or desire to go into the business world. Willy dies thinking that his life was a success because of the money he is leaving for his son whereas it is not, at least in the way he thinks. Biff breaks free from Willy’s false dream and tells Happy: â€Å"He had the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong... He never knew who he was† (111). Happy does end up taking the money to start a business and while that was not Willy’s main aim; it is something rather than nothing. Family Issues in the Play Death of a Salesman Essay -- success, life, p The play, Death of a Salesman, is a tragic drama about an aging salesman who tries to do all he can to support his family and make them lead successful lives. The struggling salesman, Willy Loman has two sons, Biff and Happy, whom he tries to drive towards success. Willy believes that being well liked and making a good and lasting impression are the keys to success and tries to teach this philosophy to his two sons. Biff, being the favorite son of Willy, has worked as a manual laborer and Willy believes that Biff can do so much more with his life. While Biff is happy, he does not meet Willy’s criteria for success. Biff is unable to fulfill Willy’s dream because Willy’s idea of success is not a life Biff wants to pursue. Biff Loman, a highly successful high school football player, was supposedly meant for great things after high school. However, Biff failed to graduate from high school due to failing a mathematics class, and also did not complete the class during summer school, because of the discussion he had with his father. The discussion was one that was eye-opening, as Biff learned that his father was unfaithful to his mother, â€Å"You—you gave her Mama’s stockings†¦don’t touch me, you—liar...You fake! You phony little fake! You fake!â€Å" (95). This is the moment in the play where Biff lost all respect for his father. Due to not graduating, he lost his athletic scholarship to the University of Virginia. Since then, Biff has been working blue-collar jobs in the west while not making over thirty-five dollars a week. He is happy there but realizes that there is not much future in that line of work and ends up returning home without a job. Willy cannot understand how everything could have gone so wrong for Biff. Willy has always been und... ...him† (111). This play has a story that I feel like many people can relate to. In my case, my dad would prefer if I followed his footsteps into medicine, but he says to do what I enjoy. While I certainly wouldn’t rule that field out, it is nice to know that if I want to do something different, I have my family’s support. In conclusion, Biff will not follow in Willy’s footsteps due to the fact that he has no motivation or desire to go into the business world. Willy dies thinking that his life was a success because of the money he is leaving for his son whereas it is not, at least in the way he thinks. Biff breaks free from Willy’s false dream and tells Happy: â€Å"He had the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong... He never knew who he was† (111). Happy does end up taking the money to start a business and while that was not Willy’s main aim; it is something rather than nothing.

The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors

The foundations to organize company’s personnel are different between the public and the private sectors. These may also be different from one country to another or from one company to another according to the organization, the context of evolution and its environment. And from these foundations and values that are shared by all staff, a corporate culture is set. The corporate culture is a key variable to explain the daily life and strategic choices made by a social group. The corporate culture is in a sense, a product of national culture and therefore a set of values and signs shared by the majority of employees. Seen from the outside, all companies in a country are alike: workshops, warehouses, offices, constant movements of people and goods. Yet a detailed examination shows that no company is comparable to another, especially between public sector and private one, On the one hand there are for example statutes, recruitment through entrance exams and the automatic nature of salaries, and while on the other hand, there are for instance labour laws, individual goals expressed through contracts and the freedom to set pay scales, so each has its own personality, has a unique identity and image. This personality is forged around five themes: the status, recruitment, remuneration, the mindset of management and the environment in which the firm operates. One can see for example between a public sector company â€Å"assurance maladie† and a private company â€Å"axa†. Both operate in the same category of activity,  «assurance maladie † staff does not enjoy equal reassuring status than â€Å"axa† staff, the civil servant status is more securing than employee status. Even their recruitment are not the same, in the public sector recruitment is often done by concours what is not the case in the private sector. Another deference between the two sectors is shown in the system of remuneration, the latter is fixed by the state according to a pay scale with † assurance maladie † while in â€Å"axa† is set based on skills and level of responsibility added to motivations by objective system that is not the case in the private sector. The personality of a company also reflects the personality f its leaders, at â€Å"axa†, it is CEO who has a strong influence on the culture that the company wants to pass through goal setting and strategy of development. In assurance maladie even if it is managed by the state, each individual seeks to satisfy his need to belong without being dependent on the culture instilled by the state. In addition the public status of â€Å"assurance maladie † requires that it must be transparent about it s economic, financial or social situation which is not always the case with private businesses as â€Å"axa†. This lack of transparency oblige private company to suggest a human resources strategy that will seek to reconcile the interests of the company and the employees for a social peace, in order to show workers that they have an important place and an opportunity of promotion so they keep their motivation. The corporate culture is like a collection of complexes allowing each individual to identify with their organization. Facing an unstable environment and increasingly complex, firms seek to boost their human potential. The corporate culture seems to be a response to develop this potential. But we can still consider the fate of these concerns. The corporate culture, as strong as it is not eternal. Indeed the downsizing imposed to â€Å"axa† staff caused a sharp questioning of the culture because â€Å"axa† is shown as Paternalist Company that assured lifetime employment and high wages. If there there ‘s deference between â€Å"axa† corporate culture and † assurance maladie † culture is that it is also due to the model on which both businesses based, on one side â€Å"axa† being a private company that seeks to generate benefits inherited the U. S. management , in the other side model so that † assurance maladie † it follows the French model. The logical functional of American corporate culture is based on earnings so its organization is perceived primarily as a system of tasks, functions to perform and goals to achieve while in the business culture in France, the organization is designed primarily as a social system involving a community of people.

The daily life of an African living

What should a billionaire give and what should you-speech Good afternoon ladies and gentleman my name is George France. Welcome to the fourth business lunch. Today I will be talking to you about Peter Singers views on charity. The daily life of an African living in poverty is a lot different compared to yours or mine. Africans living in poverty barely survive day to day. 1 billion people don’t have access to clean drinking water and others must walk miles just to get clean drinking water, whereas people like us can walk mere meters and get it straight from a tap.There are about 7 million people in African that are dying from starvation this very second and wont be able to get food unless they are lucky enough to find a charity handing it out, where as we can pick up a phone and order food from a number of places and get it in a matter if minutes. 2. 2million people in Africa die every year of curably diseases like cholera, which can be cured for under $30 whereas if we have an illness we would just see the doctor and get a prescription to cure our illness.No one wants to put a price on a human life but if we did I am sure everyone in this room would agree that it would be millions of dollars. This strongly backs up the point that everyone is equal which Peter Singer constantly uses as a strong argument. This means it is wrong to evaluate people based on how wealthy they are but instead we should give them money so that they are also equal in the wealth. I’m sure everyone would agree that it is wrong that children in the developing world are dying from diseases that are easily treated in the developed world.Children’s lives are valuable and most people would value the lives of children as equal and perhaps even give their own life to save a child. Yet thousands of children every day are dying and may people don’t even donate money to try and stop it. This point is backed up by the quote â€Å"when will people finally accept that the death of a child in the developing world is just as tragic as the death of a child in the devolved world† As I’m sure you know there are lots of celebrities that donate millions to charities every year, like Bill Gates.So the question arises that if Bill Gates is donating millions and leading by example what should we donate? Peter singer writes that we should donate as much as we can without going into poverty ourselves but I know this can be inconvenient for many of you so I would suggest that you donate as much as you feel comfortable with. But as I am sure many of you are wondering most celebrities donate huge amount of money to improve their image and if this is so should we really follow them.Even if celebrities are only donating to look better the money still goes to charity and helps millions of people so the motives to giving the money don’t matter as long as it helps. Peter Singer makes a vey strong point that people are born into poverty and can not he lp that fact that they are poor and the same thing applies to the rich, that they are only rich because they were born into good circumstances.For example if Bill Gates was born in a slum with parents that can barley afford to feed him in Africa I’m sure he would not be as successful as he is today. What I am saying is if people can’t get a good education they will struggle to get a job and they will live in poverty. So we need to donate to charity to make the circumstances better for people in developing worlds by building things like schools so they can get an education and then a job so they earn money breaking out of the poverty trend.I’m sure a lot of you would argue that you have earnt your money and therefore no one has the right to tell you what to do with it but Peter Singer would argue that we owe people from developing countries because we are partially responsible for their suffering. The rich are rich because the poor are poor. Also I’m sure that a lot of you would argue that money doesn’t always get to the charity and the people that need it because people divert it and take it.But as Peter Singer says, â€Å"a little bit of something is better than a whole lot of nothing†. This means that if only say half the money donated actually gets to the people that need it the money can still help save lives and is better than no money at all. I hope that I have changed your views on charity and I hope all these arguments will help to convince you to donate and support charities in the future. Thank you for letting me speak to you all today I hope to see you all again. By George France

Objectivity of Science

Objectivity of Science Introduction The history of objectivity of science can be traced back to the nineteenth century. The objectivity of science was based on the truth, facts and knowledge. It was practiced by scientific atlas founders so as to articulate the presentations of the meaning of nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Objectivity of Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need by scientists to restrain themselves from using their individual bias in the description of nature was the fundamental driving force behind scientific objectivity. The guiding principle in scientific objectivity has always been and will always be ensuring that knowledge is safeguarded from biased individual representation. Science is founded on the objective analysis evaluation and presentation of scientific, empirical data based on the facts observed (Kuhn, 1973, para. 3). Scientific objectivity is the term given to the practice of science through which different facts are investigated and subsequently used to explain different untruths. The elimination of personal biases and emotional commitment are the core of scientific objectivity. Objectivity has been used as a standard of measure in science for quite some time. The objectivity of science is closely associated with the ability to test the facts. For science to be considered to be objective, measurement of facts must be disseminated from one person to another. The test of objectivity encompasses other various tests.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been observed that the classification of traditional objectivity overlooks numerous elements (Kuhn, 1973, para. 8). Therefore, objectivity of science follows certain values and facts. Scientific objectivity, values, or facts The test of objectivity has various subjective decisions which make the entire measureme nt involve reductionist process. On the other hand, the measurement of these methods will form part of the objective test related to the outcome of the facts. A fundamental element of science, which is emphasized by a lot of scientists, is that, emphasis is placed on the facts but not the values involved. This distinction has been openly revealed since science exists on the objective reality and while values do not. This perception enables scientists to perceive the field of science as a domain of permanent knowledge, which must be identified. The notion of science being free from value has been highly contested by sociologists and scientists. The criticism is based on the methods used to arrive at several scientific conclusions (Restivo, 2011, p. 21). There are various misconceptions whereby the value of free nation is claimed to have been overrated and overstated by scientists. The ideology of relativism between science and objectivity has been held to be misleading. There are tho se scientists who contend that the sciences have values meant to assist in arriving at reliable knowledge free from effects of bias. An element of bias would lead to unreliable knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Objectivity of Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The intersection of knowledge and values has been identified. The intersection of knowledge and values has provided robust facts. The diversity of values promotes accepted principles (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 18). It is still contested that the notion of science being pure and not relying on values is highly misleading. It is known that science promotes values such as reliability, accuracy and precision. On the other hand, scientists are said to value novelty and simplicity of concepts. It has widely been argued that the pursuit of science is a value based venture. There is a need to consider science and how it operates in the development of t he material world to acquire and develop knowledge. However, this may be unreasonable not to weigh the stakes involved. Scientific objectivity proves that values are not excluded from the quest for knowledge in science. In its core components, science is not only made up of freedom but also of responsibilities. The fundamental elements, which are noticeable, in scientific objectivity, have a refutable hypothesis. The hypothesis must be backed with relevant evidence. Finally, the results should be presented in a way that they are accessible and can be subjected to empirical testing by all individuals with a vested interest in science (Okasha, 2002, p. 43).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is the underlying core values that limit a scientific research from replicating someone else’s work while expecting different results. The standards placed on research have made it easy to identify whenever certain conditions have been breached. The use of refutable hypothesis brings the scientific objectivity to a point that the knowledge identified is placed in an objective, rigorous test. The strict requirements that the information offered should be tested can be used to promote scientific reputations. Some scientists will gain wide use of reputation due to their knowledge of documentation. The scientific field has automatic activities (Laudan, 1983, p. 16). The objectivity of science is not limitless since it has numerous limiting factors. Objectivity has numerous problems, which are associated, with metaphysics. This has been mainly linked to the objectivity of the mind. The objectivity of the mind exists with several ethics, and a consideration of these ethics is th e account of the objectivity. It follows that objectivity is a method of understanding whereby knowledge and beliefs are placed in a primary sense of understanding. The main truths that can be placed in the above definition qualify to be a formation of conception. The old view, which is to be regarded as subjective, yields an objective conception (Keller, 2009, p. 16). The objectivity test has been said to yield the expected results, which have been described by some scientists as false objectivity. The perception of the larger reality supposes that we are to be considered as being part of the larger reality in the objective standpoint. The implication of the statement above implies that there is a connection between reality and objectivity but the connection could be remarkably small. The question as to whether the mind and self-form part of the objective reality remains unanswered. The objective status in the mind creates a mental status which tends to be general. The objectivity of the mind dictates that there is a significant link between the brain objectivity and the day to day actions in ones life. The physical properties define the scope of the mind objectivity. The definition given to the physical world has been said to emanate from a standpoint of human beings perceptions (Okruhlk, n. d). The very evidence that every scientist begins to work on every day is based on the perceptions of individuals and their rational understanding of different events in the physical sphere. That clearly supports the assertion that objective conception is not without origin, but it has a starting point and reliable features. The properties of the perpetual aspects of objective science are better understood when the beginning is traceable. The mind has the rational consciousness, which gets the information, and basing on this information, a perpetual point of view is taken. As proven conception of objectivity has its own difficulties and limits as it was earlier mentioned . In the same way that the brain has a limit to the affairs going around it, the brain too has notable difficulties when seeking a clear understanding of reality (McMullin, n. d). The objectivity is limited by the fact that the interpretation of different perceptions, which cannot be severed from the occurrences due to the physical interactions. The mention of mental activity in the objectivity of science is to make sure that all perceptions and viewpoints are concurrent with the practice. Reality objectivity leads to conclusions that so perceptions have a dominating role in the physical world. Scientists have at numerous situations considered the objectivity to be a myth which they have continuously sought to affirm or dispute. The mode of arriving at substantial results too has been placed on the basis of the said consideration (Fleming, 2004, p. 17). The scientific objectivity has existed with numerous criticisms from scientists and sociologists. There are scientists who have arg ued that the scientific objectivity among many scientists has occurred in the form of an illusion. The objectivity advocated by scientists has been said to be hard to achieve. The objectivity applicability in the real world is held to be impossible, but such notions have continuously been disputed (Kuhn, 1973, para. 9). Conclusion It is evident that the objectivity of science follows certain values and facts. The scientific objectivity as put across by different scientists has many elements and many scientists have tried to justify the existence of the main features. In some instances, it has been asserted that objectivity does exist without values, but that assertion has been widely disputed. The existence of values such as novelty in the objectivity of science has been a pillar to the contention that there are no values in scientific objectivity. However, there are many problems that scientific objectivity ought to deal with accurately. References McMullin, E. (n. d). Rationality and Paradigm change in science. Retrieved from fitelson.org/290/mcmullin_acfsr.pdf Fleming, B. E. (2004). Science and the self: The scale of knowledge. Dallas [u.a.: Univ. Press of America. Longino, H. (n. d). Values and Objectivity. Retrieved from cumc.columbia.edu/dept/healthandsociety/events/ms/pdf/ps_Longino%20H%20Values%20and%20Objectivity.pdf Okruhlk, K. (n. d). Gender and biological sciences. Retrieved from http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/gender_and_biological_sciences.pdf Keller, A. C. (2009). Science in environmental policy: The politics of objective advice. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Kuhn, T. (1973). Objectivity, Value judgment and Theory choice, Retrieved from http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Kuhn-Objectivity-Value-Judgment-and-Theory-Choice.pdf Laudan, L. (1983). Dissecting the Holist Picture of Scientific Change. Retrieved from: scribd.com/doc/96495571/Dissecting-the-Holist-Picture-of-Scientific-Change-Laudan Okasha, S. (2002). Philos ophy of science. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Polifroni, E.C., Welch, M. (1999). Perspectives on philosophy of science in nursing: An historical and contemporary anthology. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. Restivo, S. P. (2011). Red, black, and objective: Science, sociology, and anarchism. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.

DRY MIX Experiment Variables Acronym

DRY MIX Experiment Variables Acronym You control and measure variables in an experiment and then record and analyze the data. There is a standard way to graph the data, with the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis. How do you remember what independent and dependent variables are and where to put them on the graph? There is a handy acronym: DRY MIX Meaning Behind the Acronym D dependent variableR responding variableY graph information on the vertical or y-axis M manipulated variableI independent variableX graph information on the horizontal or x-axis Dependent vs. Independent Variables The dependent variable is the one being tested. It is called dependent because it depends on the independent variable. Sometimes it is called the responding variable. The independent variable is the one you change or control in an experiment. Sometimes this is called the manipulated variable or the I do variable. There may be variables that dont make it onto a graph, yet can affect the outcome of an experiment and are important. Controlled and extraneous  variables arent graphed. Controlled or constant  variables are ones you try to keep the same (control) during an experiment. Extraneous variables are unanticipated or accidental effects, which you didnt control, yet which might influence your experiment. Although these variables arent graphed, they should be recorded in a lab book and report.

Specalist Radiographic Imaging Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Specalist Radiographic Imaging - Case Study Example In this analysis, the case of a 68 years old male with jaundice and a history of pain in the upper right quadrant is under investigation. The patient also has a history of colonic cancer. The subsequent liver tests undertaken on the patient are deranged, thus unable to give a clear indication of the decease the patient is suffering from. Nonetheless, based on the initial symptoms as seen in the patient, the patient will be diagnosed with Cholelithiasis (Gallstones). Thus, the focus of this essay is to determine the most suitable imaging strategy applicable for diagnosing this patient, which will also entail the evaluation of the appropriate diagnosis procedure and the applicable disease management measures. The patient undergoing disease investigation and treatment, in this case, is a 68-year-old male. The symptoms that have been demonstrated by the patient are jaundice and pain in the upper quadrant of the right hand. Jaundice refers to a yellowish discoloration that is observable on the skin, the white of the eyes and on the mucous membranes (Goresky & Fisher, 1975). Jaundice is caused by an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood and is by itself not considered to be a disease per se. Thus, jaundice is a visible sign of another underlying disease process (Bateson, 1986). Most especially, jaundice is a disease that is associated with children and very rare with adults. Therefore, when jaundice appears in adults, it might indicate the presence of another threatening and potentially fatal health condition (Khan, Alcorn & Hanson, 2014). In adults, jaundice is caused by medical conditions that alter either the normal metabolism or the excretion of bilirubin, causing the dysfunction of th ese processes.

Locke and Rousseau on Social Contract Research Paper

Locke and Rousseau on Social Contract - Research Paper Example It is selfish in a way that they did not care for the welfare of other humans. Nevertheless, they were bounded by some natural laws that regulated their behavior. For instance, they were mindful of the rule that they should not hurt each other (Locke 192). They were ought to preserve the existence of humans on earth. Significantly, humans have deemed it necessary and convenient to make a social group (Locke 253). They have actually felt the importance of belongingness -- that is to become part of a human gathering. They have found it convenient to be able to utilize the skills of others to pursue an endeavor. In this sense, humans have learned to become social. They have considered the importance of others to their continued existence. As a consequence, relationships were formed. Forms of interactions have developed. Humans have known each other. They demonstrated ways to help others. In other words, mutual understanding has developed between them. This was the beginning of man to wo man interaction. As cited by Locke, "the first society was between man and wife" (253). This social inclination began the relation between parents and their children (Locke 253). Stated otherwise, the first social institution is the family. Locke specifically referred the family as a conjugal society (253). It is conjugal because the union of man and woman carries with it reciprocal benefits. Mutual assistance and support as well as communion of interests are examples of these benefits (Locke 253). These advantages may have driven humans to form a family. The family therefore is the first form of social group that humans have created. It is the original proof of society’s existence. In a family, humans could find security in all aspects. This finding as proposed by John Locke may have contributed to the present understanding of filial relationship. In another case, Locke included the topic on slavery. He emphasized the fact that slaves are not "part of civil society" (Locke 2 58). In this context, it can be claimed that to be part of civil society, a particular social group must have freedom. This freedom encompasses the right to own, use and enjoy a property. This could mean that an individual belonging to a civil society has the corresponding right to exercise his or her civil rights. To note, the right to own a property belongs to the larger scope of civil rights. As time goes by, humans have found it necessary to protect and preserve their life, liberty and estate (Locke 259). Locke actually considered the three as forms of property (Ashcraft 412). In such case, they formed a political society. In forming this society, the members of the civil society are to surrender some of their natural powers to "the hand of the community" in which they can ask for protection (Locke 260). This protection is made possible by the establishment of a political structure; hence, the creation of the government. This body politic would be the representative of the peopl e as a whole. For this body to be legalized, a majority consent from the community is needed (Laski 16). Locke actually preferred a commonwealth than absolute monarchy. He described the commonwealth as an independent community and not a democracy (Locke 301). For him, a commonwealth has three powers, legislative, executive and federative. These powers are ought to be separated according to Locke. At the end of his treatise, Locke

Empowerment in health promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Empowerment in health promotion - Essay Example The aspects of empowerment, as used in general and in particular in the healthcare sector are presented below; emphasis is given on the theoretical approaches used for explaining the involvement of empowerment in the healthcare sector. It is proved that empowerment can be viable in health promotion but only if certain conditions exist; the internal and external environment of each case and the ability of the medical staff involved in the relevant schemes are quite important for ensuring the success of empowerment in the specific field. The differentiations identified in the interpretation of empowerment in health promotion can be considered as justified, taking into consideration the significant differences that can be identified in healthcare settings worldwide, as this issue is analytically explained below. 2. Meaning of empowerment In order to understand the role of empowerment in health promotion, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the context of empowerment, i.e. its ch aracteristics and mission, as identified in various social areas. Then, its use in health promotion could be evaluated taking into consideration the needs of the specific sector, as identified in healthcare settings worldwide. ... Based on the above definition, the following key characteristics of empowerment should be highlighted: empowerment needs to be provided, in other words, it cannot be assumed as existing. Rather it should be clearly given, under the terms that it can be used appropriately, meaning the skills and the capabilities of the person who is provided with empowerment (Barry et al. 2006). In any case, the discretion provided through empowerment is rather limited. In accordance with Ginnodo (1997) empowerment is differentiated from ‘dumping and anarchy’ (Ginnodo 1997, p.34). This means that empowerment needs to be based on specific rules/ suggestions which will be ordered without discriminating – always under the terms that the ‘empowered’ is able to understand and follow the particular orders. On the other hand, the elements and the requirements of empowerment can be differentiated across social and business activities; in business, the term empowerment is consi dered as a key tool for increasing motivation and self-confidence of employees (Quinn et al. 1998). From this point of view, in business area, empowerment is related to concepts and initiatives as organizational supervision, criteria of reward and job design (Quinn et al. 1998). Indeed, when empowerment needs to be evaluated as an element of the business environment, emphasis should be given to the following issue: at what level empowerment has actually promoted self-efficacy across the organization. At this point, the skills of the manager can be also revealed taking into consideration the tasks allocated to employees – under the terms that the goals set need to be achievable, based on the skills of each employee

Construction Procurement Methods Compared

Construction Procurement Methods Compared Procurement is comes from the word of procure which is means to bring about and to acquire. Method is about organized method, technique, process or procedure (Rosli Abdul Rashid 2006). Procurement method is an overall management structure and specific management practices used in the project such as houses, office buildings, shopping complex, roads, bridges etc. Traditionally, clients who wished to have projects constructed would invariably commission a designer, normal an architect for building projector an engineer for civil engineering projects. The designer would prepare drawings for the proposed scheme and, where the project was a sufficient size, a quantity surveyor would prepare estimates and documentation on which contractors could prepare their prices. Each of the different methods has been used at some time in the industry. New procurement systems will continue to be developed to meet new requirements and demands from clients, contactor and the professions (Allan Ashworth, 2008). There are many more types of procurement systems used in the construction industry nowadays. However, the focus is only on the type of procurement systems that commonly used in Malaysia for example traditional system, design and build, management contracting and construction management. 2.1 Concept of Traditional System Traditional System is also known as Design-Bid-Build (DBB). It is most common use in the construction industry. With this option, the client appoint an architect to prepare a brief, a scheme outline and working drawings, and to invite tenders and administer the project though issuing instructions, inspecting the work under construction and preparing certificates for payment. In another word, architect is to prepare design proposals to meet the client requirements. The architect may also, with the clients approval, appoint other consultant such as quantity surveyor and structural engineers. The contractor, who has no responsibility for the design, will usually be selected by competitive tendering. The design team work independently from the contractor, who is responsible for executing the construction work in accordance with the teams of the contract (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.1.1 Contractual relationships of Traditional System The client is in direct contractual relationship with the consultants on the one hand and the contractor on the other. Any contractual links for only where they clients make nominations is it advisable to recommend collateral agreements to protect his interests in respect of any matters which might lie outside the building contract (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.1.2 Management Relationship of Traditional System The figure 2.3 is the management relationship of the traditional system. Architect is as the lead designer to coordinate with Engineers on the part of M E works. Architects are also to ensure that the design complies with the local authority requirements. Besides that, Architects is to manage the whole project and supervise the works. Contractors to execute and complete the building works based on the design and specifications in the contracts. Contractors are to coordinate with the nominated Sub-contractors (NSC) on specialist works. 2.1.3 Advantages of Traditional System The quality of work is control by Client. Client can achieve the best price through competitive tendering. Clients can easily request any variation of the works. Clients interest is protected by the Consultants who serve as advisors and independent certifies in the building contracts. 2.1.4 Disadvantages of Traditional System From inception to completion of the project need relatively longer period. The communication channel among various consultants may be incompetent. Client maybe too difficult to coordinate with the various consultants. 2.2 Concept of Design Build Design Build (D B) is a procurement system where a single organization undertakes the responsibilities and risks for both the design and construction phased. There may be various levels of employer involvement in the design: in the pure form of D B, the client engages a building contractor at the outset who is then responsible both for the design and the construction of the work. The typical payment method for D B is a lump sum, payable in monthly installments, based on a cost document that forms part of the Contractor s Proposals which is itself a tendered or negotiated response to the Employers Requirements, documents that form the basis of the contract (W.Hughes, 2006). With D B, it is likely that in the absence of in-house professional staff, the client will wish to engage outside consultants to advise on the preparation of requirements and to evaluate and select tenders etc. the main contractual link is between client and the contractor and the clients agent or representative has only a limited role. The contractor might also have a contractual link with his own design consultants, and with sub-contractors and suppliers. As the contractor is wholly responsible for their performance, both in terms of design and construction, there might be less need for collateral agreements between them and the clients (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.2.1 Contractual relationships of Design Build With a design and build arrangement, instead of using and architect or engineer for a separate design service, the client chooses to employ a contractor directly for an all-in design and construction services. It may also be necessary and desirable to employ independent professional advisers to monitor the progress and quality of the contractors work and to agree the value of interim certificate for payment purposes (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.2.2 Management Relationship of Design Build The figure 2.5 is the management relationship of the D B. Clients state his requirements through his consultants who prepares the Employers Requirement or conceptual design. D B Contractor is prepares the details design and prepare the cost proposals to the client. Therefore, successful D B contractors are responsible for designing, planning, organizing, constructing and controlling the whole project. The scope of the design obligation needs to be set out as clearly as possible. 2.2.3 Advantages of Design Build Ease of communication- Client only needs to liaise with one party i.e DB Contractor, it is direct contact with the client. Saving in time and cost of construction. The contractors experience with the project from inception. The option for contractor s to include their constructing capability in the proposed design. No claim for possible delays due to a lack of drawn information. 2.2.4 Disadvantages of Design Build Design possibilities are not explored in full and tend to be restricted by the D B Contractors standard design and construction method. Quality of materials may be compromised in view of the D B Contractors profit. Client is discouraged to order any variations of works. Client must select only D B Contractor with good reputation and track record. 2.3 Concept of Management Contracting The term management contracting is used to describe a method of organizing the project team and operating the construction process. The management contracting acts in a professional capacity, providing the management expertise and buildability requirement to the overheads and profits involved in return for a fee. The contractor does not therefore participate in the profitability of the construction work itself and does not directly employ any of the labour and plant, except possibly for those items involved in setting up of the site and the costs normally associated with preliminary works. Because the contractor is employed on a fee basis, the appointment can take place early during the design stage. The contractor is therefore able to provide a substantial input into the practical aspects of the building technology process. Each trade required for the project is tendered for independently by subcontractor, either upon the basis of the measured work packages or a lump sum. This should therefore result in the lowest cost for each trade and thus for the construction work as a whole. The management contractor assumes full responsibility for the control of the work on site (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.3.1 Contractual relationships of Management Contracting The contractual relationship in a management contract is between the client and the management contractor, with all works contactor in direct relationship with the latter. It may also be desirable to establish a contractual relationship between the client and each work contactors by means a collateral agreement. In construction management the contractual relationship is between the client and the construction manager, with all trades contractors in direct relationship with the former (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.3.2 Management Relationship of Management Contracting The figure 2.7 is the management relationship of the Management Contracting. Management contractor (MC) is to manage construction works for a management fee that comprises a percentage for profit and fixed overheads. Normally MC does not undertake the construction works by himself. Consultants prepare the design; MC determines construction/management method. This method is popular used in UK. 2.3.3 Advantages of Management Contracting Early appointment of contractor as a member of design team to provide management skill. Better coordination control of project through improved management qualities. Shorter project period because increase speed of design and construction 2.3.4 Disadvantages of Management Contracting Pressures on design team in preparation of various tender documentation and tender evaluation. 2.4 Concept of Construction Management The contractual arrangement and services rendered by a construction management firm are not dissimilar from those under management contracting. But relieving such an organization of contractual risk for the performance of sub-contractors is much more effective if they are not contractual intermediaries. Thus, the most significant characteristic of construction management is that there is no general contractor; instead there is a series of direct contractual links between the client and the trade contractors, making the role of the construction management more like a consultant than a contractor. The arrangement is used particularly by experienced clients on projects with short lead-times (W.Hughes, 2006). The construction manager is responsibility for the overall control of the design team and the various trade contractors, throughout both the design phase and the construction phase of the project (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.4.1 Contractual Relationship of Construction Management The construction manager is appointed after a careful selection process and is paid a management fee. One basic difference from a management contract is that the trades contracts, although arranged and administered by the construction manager, are direct between the client and the trade contracts. The construction manager is a coordinator, and usually cannot guarantee that the project will be finished to time or cost. The clients direct the project and the client is also likely to carry the greatest burden of the speculative risk (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.4.2 Management Relationship of Construction Management The figure 2.9 is the management relationship of the Construction Management. Construction Management is separating consultants/designers from management of the project. Construction Manager (CM) replace designer in administration of contract except design/ certification matters. CM concentrates on managing time/ cost using his unique construction expertise. Clients selects all trade contractors and CM managers the project for a fee. 2.4.3 Advantages of Construction Management: Independent management function. Reduction in project durations and costs. Design team able to concentrate on design. No conflict of interest between design and production. 2.4.4 Disadvantages of construction Management: Additional management cost. Erosion of Architects power and responsibilities. 2.5 Summary Traditional Speed: Not the fastest of methods. Complexity: Desirable to have all information at tender stage. Consider two stages or negotiated tendering. Quality: Basically straightforward, but complications can rise if the client requires that certain sub-contractors are used. Clients require certain standards to be shown or described. Contractor is wholly responsible for achieving the stated quality on site. Design and Build Speed:Â  Relatively fast method. Complexity:Â  Pre-tender time largely depends on the amount of the detail in the clients requirements. Construction time reduced because design and building proceed parallel. Quality:Â  A sufficient single contractual arrangement integrating design and construction expertise within one countable organisation. Client has no direct control over the contractors performance. Contractor design expertise may be limited. Client has little say in the choice of specialist sub-contractors. Management Contracting Speed:Â  Early start on site is possible, long before tenders have even been invited for some of the works packages. Complexity:Â  Design and construction skills integrated at an early stage. Complex management operation requiring sophisticated techniques. Quality:Â  Client requires certain standards to be shown or described. Managing contractor responsible for quality of work and materials on site. Construction Management Speed:Â  Relatively fast method. The individual trade contractors are in direct contract with the client. Complexity:Â  Design team able to concentrate on design.Construction Manager concentrates on managing time/ cost using his unique construction expertise. Quality:Â  Construction Manager replace designer in administration of contract except design/ certification matters. 2.5.1 Summary Traditional Flexibility: Clients control design and variations to a large extent. Certainty: Certainty in cost and time before commitment to build. Clear accountability and cost monitoring at all stages. Responsibility: Can be clear-cut division of design and construction. Confusion possible where there is some design input from contractor or specialist sub-contractor and suppliers. Design and Build Flexibility:Â  Virtually none for the client once the contract is signed, without heavy cost penalties. Flexibility in developing details or making substitutions is to the contractors advantage. Certainty:Â  There is a guaranteed cost and completion date. Responsibility:Â  Can be clear division, but confused where the clients requirement are details as this reduces reliance on the contractor or design or performance. Limited role for clients representative during construction. Management Contracting Flexibility:Â  Client can modify or develop design requirements during construction. Managing contactor can adjust programme and costs. Certainty:Â  Client is committed to start building on a cost plan, project drawings and specifications only. Responsibility:Â  Success depends on the management contractors skills. An element of trust is essentials. The professionals team must be well coordinated through all the stages. Construction Management Flexibility:Â  Clients selects all trade contractors and CM managers the project for a fee Certainty:Â  Usually cannot guarantee that the project will be finished to time or cost Responsibility:Â  Success depends on the Construction Manager. 2.5.2 Summary Traditional Advantages: The quality of work is control by Client and Client can achieve the best price through competitive tendering. Disadvantages: From inception to completion of the project need relatively longer period. Summary: Benefits in cost and quality but at the expense of time. Design and Build Advantages:Â  Saving in time and cost of construction. Disadvantages:Â  Quality of materials may be compromised in view of the DB Contractors profit. Summary:Â  Benefits in cost and time but at the expense of quality. Management Contracting Advantages:Â  Increase speed of design and construction, hence shorter project period. Disadvantages:Â  Pressures exerted on design team in preparation of various tender documentation and tender evaluation. Summary:Â  Benefits in time and quality but at the expense of cost. Construction Management Advantages:Â  Reduction in project durations and Design team able to concentrate on design. Disadvantages:Â  Additional management cost and erosion of Architects power and responsibilities. Summary:Â  Benefits in time and quality but at the expense of cost. 2.6 Conclusion As a conclusion, the traditional approach to construction has been to appoint a team of consultants to prepare a design and estimate, and to select an independent constructor. The final would calculate the actual projects costs, develop a programme to fit within the period laid down in the contract, organise the workers and materials deliveries and construct to the standards quality specified in the contact documentations. The client would prefer single point responsibility and a truly fixed price and for projects to be completed as required. Procurement procedures remain is a dynamic activity. They will continue to develop to meet the changing and challenging needs of society and the circumstances under which the industry will find itself working. There are no standard procurement solutions, but each individual projects needs to be considered independently and analysed accordingly. However, is a need to evaluate more carefully the procedures being recommended in order to develop good practice in procurement and to improve the image of the industry.